Principles of Tort Law for Civil Liability Act - myassignmenthelp

Question: Write about thePrinciples of Tort Law for Civil Liability Act. Answer: Issue The key issue in this case revolves around the possibility of a claim of negligence being made against Dr Stark, on the basis of Civil Liability Act 2002, by the Nguyens. Rule Negligence is amongst the different torts which are applicable in Australia. In a case of negligence, a breach of duty of care takes place, which leads to the second part being harmed or having to face a loss or injured[1]. For establishing the presence of negligence in a particular case, there is a need to show the presence of certain elements which include the duty of care, its breach, resulting damages, foreseeability of loss, proximity between parties, direct causation and the losses not being too remote[2]. This requirement is given under the common law. The similar provisions are covered under the Civil Liability Act, 2002[3]. Section 5B of the Civil Liability Act 2002 provides that a person would be held liable for negligence only when they fail to take the requisite precautions against the possible risk of harm, where such a risk of harm was reasonably foreseeable and was not significant, and that in similar circumstances, a prudent person would have undertaken these precauti ons[4]. In order to show that a party had been negligent, the first requirement is to show that a duty of care was owed by one party to another. Donoghue v Stevenson[5] was a case where the court held that the manufacturer owes a duty towards the consumers, as the product which they produce, is consumed by consumer. And so, it is crucial that the manufacturer prepares drinks which are safe for the consumer. The deal snail found inside the ginger beer bottle was a breach of duty of care. In considering the duty of care in this case, the court analysed the proximity between the parties, where the actions of one party had the possibility of harming another[6]. Section 5B of the Civil Liability Act 2002 provides that a duty of care would be breached when the probability of the occurrence of such harm was not undertaken properly, along with the seriousness of harm. Further, there was also a failure in considering the burden of taking the requisite precautions for avoiding the harm and the social utility of the undertaken activity[7]. The second step is to show that the duty of care which had been owed by the defendant was contravened. And the third step is to show that this caused a serious harm to the plaintiff[8]. Paris v Stepney Borough Council[9] was a case where the court held that the defendant had to provide the safety gear to the plaintiff, which they failed to do. This was a breach of duty of care on part of the defendant. Further, as the plaintiff loss his only good eye, ultimately making him blind, the court had that the injury was substantial and this led to the court ordering the defendant to compensate the plaintiff for their injury. The injury has to be a direct result of the breach of duty of care, which was clearly established here. This clarifies that if the damages are too remote, the plaintiff would not be compensated, as was seen in Overseas Tankship (UK) Ltd v Morts Dock and Engineering Co Ltd[10]. One of the requirements for negligence is that harm or loss was foreseeable in a reasonable manner[11]. In this regard, the statement made by the judges in case of Wyong Shire Council v Shirt[12] proves to be of help. The judges stated that harm would be reasonably foreseeable when a reasonable person would perceive as being foreseeable. The parties need to be in proximity, so that the actions of one can affect the other. Perre v Apand[13] was one of such cases where the proximity led to the land of plaintiff being infected and his claims being upheld. Once, all of the requirements covered here are fulfilled, a case of negligence can be successfully made and the damages be claimed[14]. Rogers v Whitaker[15] presents the standard of care for the professionals. In this case, the respondent was nearly blind in one eye since she was 9 year old. At 47, during her routine eye check-up, she was referred for a possible surgery to the appellant. It was claimed by the appellant that by operating on her good eye, the scar tissue could be removed, which could prevent glaucoma. After the operation, her eye did not improve, and in the eye which was nearly blind, loss the sight completely. The appellant had failed to advice the respondent of this risk and the question was brought before the court regarding the failure to inform the patient was a breach of duty of care or not. The court held that this was a clear breach of duty of care as the patient could not an educated decision of going forward with the surgery or not. The standard of care of a skilled person could not be compared to an ordinarily skilled person and thus required care on their part. The facts of the case study match the case of Cattanach v Melchior[16], where the mother went with a sterilization procedure which failed and as a result, a healthy child was born. The court held that the doctor was negligent was required to compensate the mother for the cost of raising, as well as, maintaining a healthy child. Application In the given case study, the Nguyens were the patient of Dr. Stark and this put the doctor in a position, where apart from their duty as a doctor in general, the proximity between the parties led to a duty of care being owed by the doctor to the family. On the basis of Donoghue v Stevenson, Dr. Stark would owe a duty of care to the Nguyens. Based on this duty, it was a duty of the doctor to inform the family about the recanalization possibility, so that an informed decision could be made. The next step is establishing that there was a breach of this duty of care. The facts of the case clearly highlight that Dr Stark carried out the operation without telling them of the possibility of recanalization. This was a clear breach of duty of care on the basis of Rogers v Whitaker as due to this lack of information, the Nguyens could not make an informed decision. Applying Paris v Stepney Borough Council, the harm was significant in the case as the new born child was to have Down syndrome due to the child being conceived at such a late stage, where the possibility of this disease was high. The proximity is already established, due to the presence of patient doctor relationship between the two, where the acts of one, affected another, on the basis of Perre v Apand. The most important aspect is the reasonable foreseeability in this case, which is a substantial clause under both the common and statutory law. Section 5B of the Civil Liability Act 2002 requires that for holding Dr. Stark liable, it has to be shown that they filed to take the required precaution, where the risk was reasonably foreseeable and a prudent doctor in Dr. Starks position would have taken these precautions. Wyong Shire Council v Shirt requires the view of a prudent person to be taken in this regard. A reasonable doctor would have, based on the ruling given in Rogers v Whitaker, informed the Nguyens about the possibility of recanalization, however remote that may be. A chance is a chance and this information was required to make the informed decision. Further, on the basis of Section 5B, the probability of the occurrence of such harm, along with the seriousness of harm, was not undertaken properly by the Doctor. It was clearly foreseeable that a child born to a woman who passes the age of 35 has chances of Down syndrome for the children, along with possible birth complications. And Mrs Nguyen had already agreed to it. Mrs. Nguyens getting pregnant thus was the negligence of Dr. Stark. And on the basis of Cattanach v Melchior, Dr. Stark would have to compensate the mother for the cost of raising, as well as, maintaining a healthy child. Further, this case involved a child with Down syndrome, which was different from the quoted case, as a healthy child was born in that case. So, the Nguyens can also claim for the medical costs of the child and for the mental stress which they had to undergo due to this negligence of the doctor. Conclusion This discussion makes it very clear that there is a high possibility of a successful claim of negligence being made against Dr Stark, on the basis of Civil Liability Act (NSW) 2002, by the Nguyens. And instead of precluding the claims, the act would permit the case of negligence to be made against Dr. Stark. Issue The key issue in this case revolves around the possibility of a claim of negligence being made against Dr Stark, on the basis of Civil Liability Act (NSW) 2002, by the new child. Rule An unborn child gets the right to sue the negligent party, upon being born. Watt v Rama[17] is the first Australian case where the possibility of a child suing for the injuries sustained by them was considered, whilst the child was in the mothers womb, due to the negligence of the defendant. The main question in this case was whether or not the defendant driver owed a duty of care towards the plaintiff. The court held that the defendant indeed owed a duty of care towards the child, in the equal manner as the mother. As a result of the defendants negligence, he was ordered to compensate the plaintiff for the disability suffered by him due to the fault of the defendant. Similarly, in Lynch v Lynch[18] was a case where the daughter was allowed to sue her own mother for negligence driving, which led to the daughter being born with cerebral palsy. Though, in X Y v Pal[19], the child was not allowed to recover the damages as the disabilities which he had, did not occur due to syphilis, wh ere the defendant had been negligible. Application It has already been established in the previous segment of this discussion that Dr. Stark had been negligent when she failed to inform the Nguyens about the possibility of re-canalisation. Due to the actions of Dr. Stark, the new born child in question here was born with Down syndrome. Applying the case of Watt v Rama and Lynch v Lynch, for the negligence of the party, which injures the child in the womb, a claim can be made by the child when he/ she is born, for the loss sustained by them on the basis of the negligence of the defendant. And unlike in X Y v Pal, the disability was a direct result of the negligence of Dr. Stark. This is because if the Nguyens had known of the possibility of conceiving even after getting sterilized, they would have taken precautions to avoid the chances of getting pregnant. As this choice was not available to the Nguyens, the new child was born and so, a direct causation is present here. So, these cases make the chances of a claim being made by the ne w born child against Dr. Stark. And the new child would be able to claim damages for their physical condition from Dr. Stark. Conclusion This discussion makes it very clear that there is a high possibility of a successful claim of negligence being made against Dr. Stark, on the basis of the doctors negligence, by the new child. Bibliography A. Articles/ Books/ Reports Abbott K, Pendlebury N, and Wardman K, Business law (Thompson Learning, 8th ed, 2007) Latimer P, Australian Business Law 2012 (CCH Australia Limited, 31st ed, 2012) Lunney M, and Oliphant K, Tort Law: Text and Materials (Oxford University Press, 5th ed, 2013) Steele J, Tort Law: Text, Cases, and Materials (Oxford University Press, 3rd ed, 2014) Stewart P, and Stuhmcke A, Australian Principles of Tort Law (Federation Press, 2009) Turner C, Unlocking Torts (Routledge, 3rd ed, 2013) B. Cases Cattanach v Melchior [2003] HCA 38 Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562 Lynch v Lynch (1991) 25 N.S.W.L.R. 411 Overseas Tankship (UK) Ltd v Morts Dock and Engineering Co Ltd [1961] UKPC 2 Paris v Stepney Borough Council [1951] AC 367 Perre v Apand (1999) 198 CLR 180 Rogers v Whitaker (1992) 175 CLR 479 Watt v Rama [1972] VicRp 40 Wyong Shire Council v Shirt (1980) 146 CLR 40 X Y v Pal (1991) 23 NSWLR 26 C. Legislations Civil Liability Act, 2002 (NSW)

On August 2nd, 1990 Iraqi Military Forces Invaded And Occupied Essays

On August 2nd, 1990 Iraqi military forces invaded and occupied the small Arab state of Kuwait. The order was given by Iraqi dictatorial president Saddam Hussein. His aim was apparently to take control Kuwaits oil reserves (despite its small size Kuwait is a huge oil producer; it has about 10 per cent of the worlds oil reserves ). Iraq accused Kuwait, and also the United Arab Emirates, of breaking agreements that limit oil production in the Middle East. According to Saddam Hussein, this brought down world oil prices severely and caused financial loss of billions of dollars in Iraqs annual revenue. Saddam Hussein had the nearly hopeless task of justifying the invasion. He plead the fact that Kuwait had been part of the Ottoman province of Basra, a city in the south of Iraq. However, the Ottoman province collapsed after World War I and todays Iraqi borders were not created until then. There was also a further and more obvious blunder in a bid to justify this illegal invasion. Baghdad, the capital of Iraq, had namely recognized Kuwaiti independence in 1963. Furthermore, Hussein claimed that Kuwait had illegally pumped oil from the Iraqi oil field of Rumaila and otherwise conspired to reduce Iraqs essential oil income. By invading Kuwait, Iraq succeeded in surprising the entire world. The USA ended her policy of accommodating Saddam Hussein, which had existed since the Iran-Iraq war. Negative attitude toward Iraq was soon a worldwide phenomenon. The United Nations Security Council passed 12 resolutions condemning the invasion. The ultimate decision was to use military force if Iraq did not withdraw unconditionally by January 15, 1991. Then, when the deadline was set, it was time to start preparing for the worst-the war. President George Bush confronted little difficulty in winning Americans support for the potential war against Iraq. However, the government found it difficult to decide upon and state one overriding reason for going to war. Was it to oppose aggression or was it just to protect global oil supplies? Other powers were more directly concerned as consumers of Persian Gulf oil, but they were not as eager to commit military force, to risk their youth in battle and to pay for the costs of the war. Critics of President Bush continued to maintain that he was taking advantage of the issue of energy supplies in order to manipulate the U. S. public opinion in favor of war. After consulting with U. S. Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney in early August 1990, King Fahd of Saudi Arabia invited American troops onto Saudi soil. He had seen Kuwaits destiny; therefore, he wanted protection. It was also the interest of the USA to stop any further advantage of the Iraqi army. The deployment was called Operation Desert Shield. These troops were armed with light, defensive weaponry. On November 8, 1990 President Bush announced a military buildup to provide an offensive option, Operation Desert Storm, to force Iraq out of Kuwait. The preparation of the operation took two and a half months and it involved a massive air- and sea lift. Finally, in January 1991, the U. S. Congress voted to support Security Council resolution 660. It authorized using all necessary means if Iraq did not withdraw from Kuwait by January 15. Shrugging off this final warning, Saddam Hussein resolutely maintained the occupation of Kuwait. The United States established a broad-based international coalition to confront Iraq militarily and diplomatically. The military coalition consisted of Afghanistan, Argentina, Australia, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belgium, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Egypt, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Honduras, Italy, Kuwait, Morocco, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Niger, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, South Korea, Spain, Syria, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The war also was financed by countries which were unable to send in troops. Saudi Arabia and Kuwait were the main donors. More than $53 billion was pledged and received. Before the war, it appeared obvious that Iraq would have very little chance against the Coalition. The relative strength between the parties was extremely unequal. The most critical difference was that the Coalition had a total of 2600 aircraft, over three times more than Iraqs 800 aircraft. Most Arab observers thought Hussein would not last more than six months. Lieutenant General Khalid bin Sultan, the commander of the Arab coalition forces, gave Iraqs leader only 40 days, and repeated this prediction many times. Iraqs prospect was dreary. President George Bush waited two days after the UN deadline for Iraqi withdrawal from Kuwait before ordering the Coalition to begin action against Iraq. The winds of Desert Storm began howling across Iraq on January 17,

Filippo Marinettis Futurist Manifesto

Filippo Marinettis Futurist Manifesto Every time art movements replace each other, a new, â€Å"fresh† tendency rebuts and refutes the old one with enthusiasm and categoricity. However, there is hardly any movement in the history of art that demonstrated as strong aspiration for destroying the â€Å"old† and bring the â€Å"new† as Futurism.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Filippo Marinetti’s Futurist Manifesto specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Having emerged in the early 20th century, Futurism absorbed the tense and contradictive spirit hovering in the air of progressive Western European capitals. One of the first artistic personalities who managed to grasp this spirit was Filippo Tommaso Emilio Marinetti, an Italian poet who is today considered one of the â€Å"fathers† of Futurism. In his Futurist Manifesto published in 1909 in Paris (Marinetti 1909), Marinetti formulated the essence and the purpose of the Futurist mo vement and thus outlined the â€Å"ethical code† of a New Artist, a Futurist. Playing on the contrast of new and old, courage and cowardice, a human and nature, freedom and captivity, Marinetti not only expressed the spirit of his epoch, but also gave direction to it. The contrast of â€Å"old† and â€Å"new† is the core of the Futurist movement. The term â€Å"Futurism† itself carries a certain paradox: on the one hand, its name includes the allusion to the future; on the other hand, this term was used in the beginning of the 20th century to denote not the art of the â€Å"future†, but the art of â€Å"today†. Probably, this paradox was the issue that pleased Futurist poets and artists of that time who had opportunity to claim that they had overthrown the past and overstepped the present. We may notice this when familiarizing ourselves with numerous works of visual art, cinema, literature, music and architecture of that period. Futurists do not mourn over the glory of antiquity or Renaissance; they look at the world around them with excitement: cars, airplanes, huge buildings constructed of concrete and glass become the objects of panegyric and poetical description. Thus, together with the contrast â€Å"old/new†, Futurists create the contrast of â€Å"human† and â€Å"nature† where a human is in the superior position. Instead of admiring the scenery with a bird flying in the sky, a human of the new epoch soars with his metal wings. This message and this rhetoric take their origin in Futurist Manifesto. â€Å"Why should we look back, when what we want is to break down the mysterious doors of the Impossible: Time and Space died yesterday†, says Marinetti (1909), and a reader may even imagine the passion and enthusiasm put by the author in his words.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Marinetti outlines the new notion of beauty that has come to replace its old â€Å"version†, â€Å"†¦the world’s magnificence has been enriched by a new beauty: the beauty of speed† (ibid.); he says, it is time to free Italy from the heritage of the past that burdens it, from those â€Å"professors, archaeologists, ciceroni and antiquarians† (ibid.). Marinetti is against stagnation, stability and tradition, but for a breakthrough, experiment and innovation. Thus, a modern person cannot enjoy the beauty â€Å"preserved† in museums; the beauty of a â€Å"roaring car† is more comprehensive and dear to a human of the beginning of the 20th century. This is what we can see in the Futurists’ paintings: experiments with textures, techniques and shapes help to express the spirit of the time and thus help the â€Å"new† overthrow the â€Å"old† and â€Å"ascend the throne†. Painters try to depict speed and energy, l ight and sound; composition seems not harmonious and well-balanced, but unsteady, disturbing. Particularly, we may allude to the paintings by Umberto Boccioni, Marinetti’s compatriot and â€Å"confederate† in the artistic movement. Boccioni’s The Street Enters the House (1911) is the bright illustration for the statements of Marinetti’s Futurist Manifesto: the author depicts speed, energy and noise my means of colors, composition and numerous details, blurring and overlapping. Futurist poets tend to experiment with a word, a sound, a sentence. Their desire is to break the rules that exist in the traditional, â€Å"ordinary† language. Below, the fragment of Marinetti’s poem Aeropoem for Agello: 700 Km an Hour (1939) illustrates these tendencies (in Bohn 2005, 14): Suddenly far from the earthly feminine tic-toc Agello Castoldi and I gulp down the beautiful misty lake at 200-300 metres triumphantly joining those illustrious fliers who have flow n 700 kilometres an hour Uuuaaaa Uuuuaaaaa Uuaaaaaaaa However, in Futurist Manifest, the notion of the new beauty is inseparable from the notion of struggle, â€Å"Except in struggle, there is no more beauty† (ibid.).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Filippo Marinetti’s Futurist Manifesto specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Marinetti operates one more contrast: â€Å"freedom† versus â€Å"slavery†; freedom should be brought to the society, which implies to overcome â€Å"every opportunistic or utilitarian cowardice† (ibid.), and to art where the museums, libraries and other â€Å"vestiges of the past† should be destroyed (ibid.). To free the society from the state of sleep and constraint, Futurists need to come with courage and violence. â€Å"Art, in fact, can be nothing but violence, cruelty, and injustice†, say Marinetti (ibid.). This spirit was impregnated Futurist wo rks of literature and art. The above mentioned painting by Boccioni â€Å"radiates† the energy of riot, anxiety, violence, penetration and destruction. In Luigi Russolo’s paintings, we may also see violence and aggression (for example, Impressions of Bombardment (Shrapnels and Grenades), 1926). Not accidentally, Futurism is to some extent considered one of the forerunners of Fascism. Promotion of changes brought by means of destruction and violence is neighboring with nationalism. Yet in Futurist Manifesto, we see the nationalistic tint in the author’s narration, â€Å"It is from Italy that we launch through the world this violently upsetting incendiary manifesto of ours†¦ For too long has Italy been a dealer in second-hand clothes† (Marinetti, 1909). Thus, besides seeing Futurism as a solid, integrated movement in art, we also may notice its connection with the tendencies that existed in politics and society of that time. The ideas declared in Futur ist Manifesto found their development during the next decades and had crucial impact on the history of the mankind. We see one more illustration of how art and the real life are always connected. References Boccioni, Umberto. The Street Enters the House. 1911. Sprengel-Museum, Hannover. Bohn, Willard. 2005. Italian Futurist Poetry: Edited and Translated by Willard Bohn. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. Marinetti, Filippo T. 1909. Futurist Manifesto. Le Figaro 20 February 1909. CSCS.Umich.Edu. Web.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Russolo, Luigi. Impressions of Bombardment (Shrapnels and Grenades). 1926. Collection of the Comune di Portogruaro.

Political Economy of International Trade

Political Economy of International Trade Introduction Governments use various methods to intervene in markets for different reasons. Modes of government interventions in markets include the use of tariffs, subsidies, import quotas, voluntary export restraints, local content requirements, administrative policies, and antidumping policies.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Political Economy of International Trade specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Hence, the government can influence the market either directly as a competitor or indirectly through tariffs and regulations. These interventions only occur for political and economic reasons. Government interventions in markets and reasons for interventions in markets Tariffs are taxes that governments levy on imports or exports. Governments use tariffs to protect emerging local firms from fierce foreign competitions, protect old firms from competition, and reduce cases of dumping. Dumping aims to avoid ‘too lowà ¢â‚¬â„¢ prices of imports in the domestic market. Subsidies are governments’ financial supports to any sector (Office of Fair Trading 26). They may include direct grants, additional capital, exemptions from taxes, guarantees, and low interest loans among others. Subsidies influence the market competition through changes in costs and production strategies. Import quotas limit the amount of goods that a country can import within a certain period. Hence, quotas can influence production of goods in other countries. Quotas protect domestic firms, but may result in increased prices for consumers. They reduce imports to eliminate competition. Voluntary export restraints happen when a government limits the amount of goods or services that local companies can export to other countries (Hill 216). This protects local firms from a fierce competition as witnessed in the case of cheap Japanese cars imported in the US in 1980s. Both countries applied voluntary export restraints to protect the domestic automobile industry of the US. Local content requirements favour the use of locally manufactured parts, labour, services, supplies, and materials for production within the country rather than importing such resources. Hence, governments require a minimum use of local contents to promote domestic economies when foreign firms produce in a country.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Local content requirements could also happen because of political influences and the need to protect and benefit a given territory. It happens in the Nigeria Oil and Gas Industry in which the government has made it a law for all multinational oil and gas firms to incorporate local contents in their production chains (Falco, Gallo, Santillo, Troncone and Viecelli 213). Local contents can also include direct investments on the site. Administrative trade policies are regulations tha t governments formulate to make it hard for other countries to import into another country (Hill 219). These are mainly non-tariff barriers to importers. For instance, tedious and time-consuming inspection processes of imported goods at borders are instances of applying restrictive administrative trade policies to limit trade. Japan had used this method to limit foreign firms from importing into its markets as shown by FedEx Express and Netherlands’ tulip bulbs (Hill 219). Antidumping policies protect domestic market prices by ensuring that imports do not have ‘too low’ prices below the cost of production or have fair market prices. The US has used antidumping policies to protect domestic markets from cheap imports from China. Political reasons for government market intervention are numerous. They include protecting local jobs, national industries, protecting national security, retaliating against unfair market practices, protecting consumers from substandard goo ds, promoting foreign policies, and protecting human rights. Economic reasons include protecting infant industries from foreign competitions and enhancing strategic trade policies. Hence, these reasons show that government intervention in markets can encourage or limit trade. A government would engage in a market to offer either direct or indirect support to local industries. Moreover, difficult economic situations may also force governments to intervene in markets, as well as lobbying from workers in order to protect their jobs and markets.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Political Economy of International Trade specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Conclusion Governments participate in the market through seven strategies, which include the use of tariffs, subsidies, import quotas, voluntary export restraints, local content requirements, administrative policies, and antidumping policies. The major reasons are both econo mic and political reasons, but they aim to protect local jobs, unfair competition, enhance foreign policy, protect consumers from ‘dangerous’ goods and gain political favours from locals or voters. Falco, De Massimo, Mosà ¨ Gallo, Carmela Santillo, Enzo Troncone, and Pier Viecelli. Planning Large Engineering Project in high risk country areas: the Evaluation of Local Content strategies in the Oil Gas industry through a robust planning technique. International Journal of Systems Applications, Engineering Development 2.6 (2006): 213-221. Print. Hill, Charles. International Business: Competing in the Global Marketplace 9th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2013. Print. Office of Fair Trading. Government in markets. London: Crown, 2009. Print.

Environmental policies Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Environmental policies - Research Paper Example As a result of the popularity of this issue, there have been key debates on whether the challenge it posses is dangerous for the world with another side dismissing global warming as an affair that is dangerous and does not exist although the two sides identify the importance of protecting the levels of greenhouse emissions into the atmosphere. This essay focuses on the challenging issue of global warming. The essay will provide a brief definition of global warming and engage in a discussion of global warming and especially on its key definitional aspect of climate change. Thereafter, the essay identifies the reasons that contribute to the aspect of climate change while identifying the main cause of climate change, which is the greenhouse gases emission. The essay will also identify the main responses to climate change and in particular, the main issues of adaptation to climate change and mitigation processes. Before engaging on any discussion on global warming, it is essential to und erstand what global warming means. By its very name, global warming is the increasing temperatures in the atmosphere of the earth and in oceans. It is important to differentiate between the weather and the climate of the world. In this case, the weather in a particular area includes temperatures, the amount of rainfall experienced in a place, the cloud cover, and the wind speed experienced in the place. On the other hand, the climate of a region or a place is quantified by finding the average of the weather in the place (Fern, 2009). Hence, the weather of a place could be defined as dry and hot, cool and wet, or even cool and dry while the weather could be sunny, rainy, windy, or any other type of weather. It is evident that the weather of a region could change anytime. This implies that the climate of a region could also change, which explains the phenomenon the world currently experiences in relationship to global warming as the world becomes hotter and hotter each day. Evidence o f Climate Change The last two decades have remarkably been characterized by the changes in the climate of the world. In this case, the 1980s and 1990s were noted as very warm years and this was the beginning of the issue of global warming since this period ushered in the changes in world climate (Houghton, 2004). In these two last decades of the 20th century, climatic records indicate that there have been issues of climate change with the world’s climatic conditions growing hotter and hotter. Case in point, there has been evidence of unusually strong winds in Europe with the early morning of 16 October 1987 experiencing blowing down of â€Å"over fifteen million trees in the southeastern part of England and in its capital of London† (Houghton, 2004, p.2). Most recently, the world has experienced its fair share of disasters resulting from typhoons and hurricanes that have brought devastating effects on the environment with the effects of these challenges felt on the liv elihoods of people and on their lives. Rainfall patterns have also changed, which is part of the climate changes that the world continues to experience. In this case, the world has experienced increasing incidents of strong rains that lead to flooding while other areas have experienced low

According to the existing material, to write a report to the Essay - 2

According to the existing material, to write a report to the management team to address the strategic issues facing the company as it embarks on expansion including international expansion - Essay Example The company is teaching martial arts to more than 300 primary and secondary schools and had a membership of more than 20000 people. Nippon UK having different brands such as Nippon UK Martial Arts, Nippon Retreats and Martial Arts Holiday, Nippon Uk Presents and Nippon Professional Development (Prestonmartialarts, 2012). Brand identity can be defined as the outer expression of a brand. Brand identity mainly includes trademark, name, visual appearnce and communication. In addition, brand identity helps in identifying a brand and distinguishing it from the other brands. Nippon UK Martial Arts offer their customers the opportunity to practise, learn and understand the martial art skill. The services provided are self defense, children and adult jujitsu, ladies and mixed kick boxing, little ninjas and judo (University of Texas, 2012). Hence the brand identity should reflect its dedication towards their target customer base. In accordance with the vision of Nippon UK martial arts following brand logo has been designed. Weaknesses – Nippon UK Martial Arts goes in a traditional way. The way they follow to teach the students is not fully advanced. So in this case any other school of martial art can take the advantage of using modern and technology based methods to operate. Hence the company has failed to set barriers of entry for new players. Opportunities – The biggest opportunity of the company lies in international expansion. Initially it can expand to the European Union countries. Apart from that the company also has the opportunity to make use of modern tools and techniques for training. Threats – The threat for Nippon UK martial arts comes in the form of intense rivalry within the industry. Training schools such as Freestyle Kickboxing, Red Dragon Martial Arts and Shinobi Kai Basingstoke offer stiff competition (Martialartsclubs, n.d.). The decresing popularity of martial arts can also be

Evidence of Bergman’s Rule in Indigenous Inhabitants of Different Climates Essay Example for Free

Evidence of Bergman’s Rule in Indigenous Inhabitants of Different Climates Essay From a layman’s point of view, Bergmann’s Rule could be quiet evident in the differences of anatomical physiques of people near the equator and inhabitants of the arctic region. Nordic and Eskimos have relatively larger body mass than the indigenous peoples of the Congo or Papua New Guinea. There are other noticeable differences as well. One of these is postulated by Allen’s rule which states that populations of a geographically widespread species living in warm regions will have longer extremities (arms and legs) than those living in cold regions. On other species, Peter Mayhew came up with the following finding that for bird species, there was a pattern on the variables associated with latitude and body size, though not ubiquitous, that would reinforce Bergmann’s Rule (Mayhew, 2006, p. 70). References Rittner, Don and MacCabe, Timothy L. 2004, Encyclopedia of Biology, New York H. Allen Orr Testing Natural Selection, Scientific America January 2009  ¦ Volume 300 number 1 Scientific American, Inc. , 415 Madison Avenue, New York, N. Y. 10017-1111. Copyright  © 2008 Ruff, C. B. 2002, Variation in human body size and shape. Annual Review Anthropology 2002; 231:11–223. Lewin, Roger, 2005 Human Evolution: An Illustrated Introduction. 2005 Blackwell Publishing Limited, p. 69 Mayhew, Peter, 2006. Discovering Evolutionary Ecology 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX2 6DP, p. 76.